All protocols that VPN provides can work in China, but not all of them are designed for mass use. The next dilemma with China was the separation of protocols. So it's still not a panacea, but so far the most effective method that exists. The only disadvantage of this method is the connection speed and stability in general. China avoids blocking large CDN providers. The solution to blocking IP addresses can be a CDN: in short, the IP address is hidden behind the CDN and does not fall into the block. Is it possible to bypass the Great Firewall of China? To help tackle anti-censorship services such as VPNs and Tor, Chinese authorities use active probing to trace connections back to blocklisted IP addresses. The 2017 National Intelligence Law of the People’s Republic gives the Chinese government the formal power to ask any Chinese CA for the use of their root certificates. However, this block was not enforced on other Chinese CAs, and browsers continue to accept new Chinese CAs since. In response, some browsers stopped accepting certificates issued by CNNIC. The most notable example occurred in 2015, when Google proved that the Chinese CA CNNIC was abusing its position of trust by issuing unauthorized digital certificates for several Google domains. Over the years, the Chinese government has used root SSL certificates belonging to Chinese CAs to perform multiple man-in-the-middle attacks. Connections are validated using SSL certificates, which we trust because we trust Certificate Authorities (CAs) to only issue SSL certificates to verified domain owners. HTTPS, the encryption system that secures the internet, relies on a web of trust. With the ability to break TLS encryption, the Great Firewall can potentially gain visibility into data traffic that users are expecting to be secure and private. With the TLS certificate interception, the Great Firewall peaks inside of what otherwise would be encrypted data packets. The Chinese government is also able to intercept some encrypted traffic via man-in-the-middle attacks against Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Secure Sockets Layer certificates. In addition, the Great Firewall can also effectively block traffic by resetting network connections to a given domain or IP address with an approach known as a Transmission Control Protocol reset attack. The redirection can be achieved via DNS cache poisoning, IP address blocking or URL redirection. When a user attempts to search for the blocked keywords and phrases, the Great Firewall blocks or redirects the website query in a way that will not let the user access the requested information. In addition to outright blocking of certain domains and IP addresses, the system is configured to identify certain keywords and phrases. The government uses transparent proxies to scan URLs, HTTP headers, and the HTTPS Server Name Indication (SNI) for banned keywords. The more often an IP address is quarantined, the longer it will stay there. GFW takes a pretty smart approach to blocking IP addresses and they rarely stay banned forever. IP addresses are quarantined and out of the block after a couple of weeks. With that access, the Great Firewall can block entire domains and IP address ranges from being accessible within the borders of the People's Republic of China. How does the Great Firewall of China block content?Īt the most basic level, all internet traffic coming into and out of China via terrestrial links through network access points can be inspected in one way or another by government authorities. Users inside of a splinternet - such as the Great Firewall of China - get a view of the outside world that is controlled by the operators of the splinternet, which in this case is the government of the People's Republic of China. As a form of splinternet, internet inside of China is different than it is in the world, where access is open and users are free to visit website they want. The Great Firewall of China is considered a splinternet, which divides the global public internet into a subset of information for a specific region. The Great Firewall of China is the name that western media has given to the combination of tools, services and rules that the government of the People's Republic of China uses to block certain internet content from those within China's borders.
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